Every civilization in the ancient world is an important event in human history. Today we will discuss some of the most important early civilizations of antiquity.
Indus civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Indus civilization, also called Indus valley civilization or Harappan civilization, the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent. The nuclear dates of the civilization appear to be about 2500–1700 BCE, though the southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd millennium BCE.Spread over an area of 1.5 million square miles. We can see the most similarity with this civilization in the Sumerian civilization. Despite the improvement of agriculture, it was an urban and commercial civilization. Many people think that the Indus Valley Civilization was more advanced and developed than the early civilizations of China, Sumerian, and Egypt.
Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa have uncovered improved sewerage systems and harbors. Where patterns of well-planned roads, burnt bricks, stone temples, cemeteries, and educational institutions exist. The Indus Valley Civilization had a well-organized system of governance and had its own hieroglyphics and writing system. Their garments included cotton yarn garments, sheets, etc. They used gold, silver, conch, and precious stone ornaments, animal bones, ivory combs, mirrors, razors, etc. to adorn the body. There is disagreement as to who founded the Indus Valley Civilization. Anthropological studies have found skeletons of the Australoid Mediterranean, Alpine, and Mongoloid populations there. According to anthropologists, the Mediterranean or Dravidian group is the originator of this civilization. Destroyed by Aryan invasions around 1500 BC.
Hebrew civilization:
The source land of the Hebrew civilization is in the Middle East. Centered on today’s Palestine and Israel. Ethnically the Hebrews were a mixed race. The Hebrews played a small role in the history of civilization in terms of diplomacy, architecture, and painting. But the contribution of the Hebrews to world civilization in the field of morality and religion was groundbreaking. There is doubt as to the origin of the original Hebrew word.
Hebrew means foreign, low-caste, or nomadic. According to most scholars, the Hebrew tribe was in Arabia. Their first settlement was in northwestern Mesopotamia in 1500 BC. A group of Hebrews led by Abraham settled here. Later, Ishmael, the son of Ibrahim (peace be upon him), advanced to the west. From that time on, they became known as Israelis.
Hebrew played a major role in shaping Christianity. Hebrew influences two-thirds of the Bible on creationism, the oneness of God, the Creator, the Lord, the Lawgiver, and God’s position as the Absolute Judge. The Hebrews also contributed to the making of laws. Hebrew law was under the influence of ancient Kenite and Babylonian law. Various sections of Hebrew law are from the Old Testament. Hebrew literature was superior to any ancient literature in the East. The influence of religion was strong in their literature. The Old Testament is basically a collection of various literary works. The Hebrews did not contribute much to science. However, they have made some contributions to the field of medical science. Suffering is the curse of God.
Greek civilization
The Greeks are one of the few nations in the history of human early civilizations to have enviable glory for their glorious past. Born in Greece include the great poet Homer, Gyantapas Socrates, the unforgettable architect-sculptor Dikpala Ectinus and Phidias, the unrivaled strategists of the political arena Themis, Tacos, Aristides and Pericles, the historian Eristosich, The emergence of philosophers such as Thucydides in this Greek civilization. Its contribution in every field of art, science, history, philosophy, and literature has occupied a significant place in world civilization. The contribution of the Dorians and Ionians, including the Akians, to the development and prosperity of this civilization, is undeniable. By 2000 BC, they were beginning to enter Greece from the northwest.
Between 1600 and 1130 BC, the region of Mikonai, Tyrrhenus and Pils developed into an advanced bronze civilization. Greece divided into several independent states, large and small. They were inextricably linked with the city-state. This civilization developed first in the Aegean islands, in the Aegean coastal cities of Asia Minor, in Athens, then in the Greek colonies in Sicily, southern Italy. They also had many gods and goddesses. They believed that these gods and goddesses controlled their destiny.
The best period of Greek civilization is the reign of Pericles in Athens, which lasted from the fifties to several decades BC. They were extremely successful. In various fields including science, literature, art, and philosophy. Athens became the seat of this early civilization. The Greeks made the first contribution to the establishment of theater in the field of world civilization, the history of history dates back to ancient Greece. Ales formally introduced Greek philosophy in the sixth century. Pythagoras became immortal by initiating mathematics. Hippocrates freed medicine from superstition and made it stand on a scientific basis.
Roman civilization
Roman civilization is one of the richest civilizations in the world. It enriches all the existing states across the Mediterranean region, including Rome, Greece, Carthage, and Palestine, as well as enrich it with its own contribution by assimilating the industrial culture and ideas of the occupied states. The main contribution of Roman civilization to world civilization was the system of political and governmental systems. The city of Rome expanded to include seven high hills at the mouth of the Tiber River. These seven cities formed a single city-state. By 280 BC, the Romans had formed a strong alliance of independent allies of various nations.
Julius Caesar, Pompeii the Great, Augustus, and Tiberius all played important roles in consolidating and expanding the Roman Empire. Concrete was first discovered in Rome. As a result, it was possible to build huge and stylish buildings, arches, and domes. Roman sculptural art is also one of the hallmarks of this rich civilization. The contribution of this civilization is at the root of all the names that doctors write in Latin. Besides, the names of the twelve months of the year are still in Latin. The contribution of the Roman law to the development of the legal system in the mainland countries of the European continent in Italy and the birth of the current world-class Georgian calendar is immense. The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD, with repeated attacks by the Goths, Huns, and Vandals. It was one of the developed among early civilizations.
Maya civilization
The word meso is Greek. Meaning, ‘middle’. For example, Mesopotamia. This means the area between the two rivers. Similarly, Mesoamerica refers to Central America, the region between North and South America (mainly Mexico). So, how many civilizations developed in Mesoamerica. E.g., Olmec, Aztec, Maya. The origin and development of the Maya civilization were unprecedented among early civilizations. The Mayan civilization spread throughout present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. The most advanced civilization in Mesoamerica, including the written language, was the Maya civilization. The rise of the Maya civilization dates back to 250 AD. Urban civilization, however, developed around the 900s. And it continued to develop until the Spanish conquest.
Beginning 250 AD for 650 years was the classical period of the Mayan Civilization. Mayans built 40 cities in Mexico, Guatemala, and northern Belize. The country of Belize may seem new to some. At the peak of development, the population of the Maya civilization was about 2 million. Most lived in what is now Guatemala. The cities were actually religious centers. Most of the Maya lived outside the city – in the village, in agricultural life. Mayan cities of Guatemala were abandoned in 900AD. The southern cities became depopulated. According to historians, one of the reasons for this is the change in trade routes due to the war.
However, the Chichen Itza, Uxmal, and Mayapan cultures of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico continued to develop until 1519. When Spanish looters arrived in Mesoamerica in the 16th century. Most Mayans were framers. Mayan used to cultivate maize, bean, and gourd. The meat includes turkeys, tapirs, rabbits, monkeys, and macaw birds.
Spanish Conversion
The Spaniards converted the Mayans to Roman Catholicism. Mayan is still there today. In southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. Although the Mayas today believe in Roman Catholicism, the ancient Maya still observe worldviews, goddesses, and household festivals. Mayan believed in many gods. He would have done good or evil to the gods. Itjamana was the chief deity. He is the creator, the god of fire and oven.
Another is the feathered reptile Kukulkan. The god of rain and lightning. An idol found in the Upasana of Maya. Mayans were believers in the afterlife. After death, the dangerous journey of the soul began in the underworld. The god of the underworld is inauspicious. He is the symbol of the god Jaguar. The jaguar is also a symbol of night. Those sacrificed will go to heaven. And those who died at birth. Mathematics and astronomy made unprecedented progress. Obtaining knowledge was a religious observances.
Using zero in mathematics, Mayan determined positional notation; In astronomy, they could calculate the solar year, the position of the moon and Venus, and even the solar eclipse in advance!
Mayans noticed the rotation of nature for the first time in the history of early civilizations. They were obsessed with time. And, believed,the universe was created 5 times. Destroyed 4 times. Some days of the year were good and some were bad. Historians once thought Mayans was peace-loving. Remain immersed in religion. After reading the Maya hieroglyphic writing, it became known that they were attacking rival cities. The rulers were imprisoned and tortured. Then sacrificed to the gods! Human sacrifice was at the core of the Mayan religion. Maya priests preached. Gods were nourished by human blood! Blood is the way to communicate with the gods.
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